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Report on the Role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights in Assisting the Government and People of Cambodia in
the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights
Economic and Social Council
E/CN.4/1998/94
11 February 1998
Original: ENGLISH
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS
Fifty-fourth session
Item 17 of the provisional agenda
ADVISORY SERVICES IN THE FIELD OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human
Rights in assisting the Government and people of Cambodia in the
promotion and protection of human rights
Report of the Secretary-General
Table of contents:
- Introduction
- I. VISIT TO CAMBODIA BY THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
- II. ACTIVITIES OF THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN
CAMBODIA IN 1997
- A. Assistance in legislative reform
- B. Administration of justice
- C. National institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights
- D. Treaty reporting and international obligations
- E. Assistance to human rights NGOs
- F. Education and training programmes and curriculum development
- G. Information and documentation
- H. Network of provincial offices
- Annex
Introduction
Under Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/6 of 19 February 1993,
endorsed by the Economic and Social Council in its decision 1993/254 of
July 1993 and by the General Assembly in its resolution 48/154 of 20
December 1993, an operational presence of the Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights in Cambodia was mandated:
(a) To manage the implementation of educational and technical assistance
and advisory services programmes, and to ensure their continuation;
(b) To assist the Government of Cambodia established after the election,
at its request, in meeting its obligations under the human rights
instruments recently adhered to, including the preparation of reports to
the relevant monitoring committees;
(c) To provide support to bona fide human right groups in Cambodia;
(d) To contribute to the creation and/or strengthening of national
institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights;
(e) To continue to assist with the drafting and implementation of
legislation to promote and protect human rights;
(f) To continue to assist with the training of persons responsible for
the administration of justice.
A Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Human Rights in
Cambodia was appointed in 1993 by the Commission on Human Rights, by its
resolution 1993/6, to undertake the following tasks:
(a) To maintain contact with the Government and people of Cambodia;
(b) To guide and coordinate the United Nations human rights presence in
Cambodia;
(c) To assist the Government in the promotion and protection of human rights.
Mr. Thomas Hammarberg (Sweden) was appointed by the Secretary-General as
his Special Representative for Human Rights in Cambodia in early 1996,
following the resignation of Mr. Michael Kirby subsequent to his
appointment to the High Court of Australia. Since he assumed the
functions of Special Representative in May 1996, Mr. Hammarberg has
undertaken seven official missions to Cambodia and reported to the
Secretary-General (see A/52/489, A/51/453 and Add.1) and the Commission
on Human Rights (E/CN.4/1997/85).
He is also to report to the present session of the Commission
(E/CN.4/1998/95).
The Commission on Human Rights at its fifty-third session adopted
resolution 1997/49 on 11 April 1997, entitled the Situation of human
rights in Cambodia in which the Commission requested the
Secretary-General, through his Special Representative for Human Rights
in Cambodia, in collaboration with the Office of the High Commissioner
for Human Rights, to assist the Government of Cambodia in ensuring the
protection of the human rights of all people in Cambodia.
The Commission took note with concern about the situation of human
rights, especially the functioning of the system of justice, as reported
by the Special Representative in his report to the Commission
(E/CN.4/1997/85). The Commission strongly condemned the violent attack
on a peaceful and lawful opposition rally in Phnom Penh on 30 March 1997
and called upon the Government to take immediate measures t uphold the
rule of law and to bring the perpetrators to justice.
The Commission further requested the Secretary-General, through his
Special Representative for Human Rights in Cambodia, in collaboration
with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, to examine
any request by Cambodia for assistance in responding to past serious
violations of Cambodian and international law. The present report is
submitted in accordance with paragraph 27 of resolution 1997/49.
I. VISIT TO CAMBODIA BY THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
The High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Mary Robinson, visited
Cambodia from 22-25 January 1998, her first official mission to Asia
since taking up her functions in September 1997. The principal purposes
of the visit were to discuss directly with the Government a broad range
of human rights issues, to meet with the non-governmental community and
learn about the activities of various organizations for the promotion
and protection of human rights, and to demonstrate support for the work
of the Cambodia office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and for
that of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.
The High Commissioner held discussions with H.E. Mr. Chea Sim, the
acting head of State, and H.E. Mr. Ung Huot, H.E. Mr. Hun Sen, H.E. Mr.
Chem Snguon, and H.E. Mr.You Hockery representing the Royal Government.
The discussions focused on the organization of free and fair elections,
the problem of impunity, and the cooperation in the field of human
rights between the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights and
the Government of Cambodia.
High Commissioner underlined the components essential for an atmosphere
conducive to free and fair elections, including ensuring fair access to
the media and of fundamental rights and freedom such as the right to
assembly and freedom of expression. The High Commissioner was encouraged
by the strong Constitution which Cambodia had adopted and stressed that
it was crucially important for the preparation of the elections that the
Constitutional Council, as provided for by the Constitution, be
established without delay. The High Commissioner was pleased to learn
that a draft law on the establishment and functioning of the
Constitutional Council has now been submitted to the National Assembly
by the Council of Ministers.
At her meetings with the high-level government leaders, the High
Commissioner stressed the importance of breaking the cycle of impunity,
particularly for the preparation of free and fair elections. The High
Commissioner insisted upon the responsibility of the Government to
investigate cases of politically motivated crimes, including the 30
March 1997 grenade attack on a peaceful demonstration and the cases of
extrajudicial killings since July 1997. The High Commissioner pointed
out that the purpose of the memorandum submitted by the Special
Representative to the Government in August 1997 was to provide useful
information to assist the Government in conducting serious and through
investigations. It was explained to the High Commissioner that it was
difficult to conduct an investigation and that an interministerial
effort was necessary. The Government welcomed the offer of the High
Commissioner to assist with the investigation process by providing the
service of an international expert.
The High Commissioner referred to General Assembly resolution 52/135 of
December 1997. She also noted that the international community had
responded positively to the Government's request for assistance in
addressing the gross violations of human rights committed during the
Khmer Rouge regime from 1975-1979. The High Commissioner noted that it
was important for the country to put that period behind it. The
Government welcomed the proposal to appoint a team of experts to
evaluate the existing evidence and propose further measures.
The Government expressed to the High Commissioner its appreciation of
the work of the Cambodia office and dispelled rumours of doubts about
the continued presence of the office. As agreed at the meeting with Mr.
Ung Huot, the High Commissioner has sent him a letter relating to an
extension of two years of the memorandum of understanding between the
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Government for
the implementation of a technical cooperation programme on human rights.
The High Commissioner held several meetings with Cambodian NGOs. She met
with leaders of all the major human rights NGOs, listened to their views
on the current human rights situation, and learned about their work in
the areas of human rights education, monitoring and investigation of
human rights abuses, training of police, training of Buddhist monks, and
minority rights.
The High Commissioner discussed with NGOs working in the area of women's
and children's rights the problems of child prostitution, trafficking of
women and children, street children, child labour, violence against
women, low participation of women in the political life of the country,
and the high rate of HIV/AIDS infection among prostitutes. The High
Commissioner informed the NGO representatives that the protection and
promotion of human rights of women and children were priorities for her
as High Commissioner and that she would, through the Cambodia office,
strengthen the support in these areas. The High Commissioner also
visited an emergency shelter for women victims of trafficking and
domestic violence, where she listened to the stories of victims of
domestic violence and child prostitution.
The High Commissioner met with the two major NGO coalitions for the
elections, the Committee for Free and Fair Elections (COMFREL) and the
Coalition for Free and Fair Elections (COFFEL), and was briefed about
the status of the electoral process as well as their concerns.
The High Commissioner had a meeting with all United Nations agencies and
programmes present in the country and was briefed on their various areas
of work, including economic and social development, public health,
education, labour rights and refugee protection. The High Commissioner
pointed out the human rights dimension of the activities of the United
Nations agencies and emphasized the importance of working together as a
team for the fulfilment of her mandate.
The High Commissioner visited Toul Sleng Museum, the former Khmer Rouge
prison and torture centre where thousands of people perished. She
reiterated the need to break the cycle of impunity and to combat acts of
hatred and inhumanity. The High Commissioner appealed for continued
commitment to the principle of universality of human rights and for
continued vigilance so that genocide would never happen again. The High
Commissioner also visited the site of the 30 March grenade attack
against a peaceful demonstration in front of the National Assembly, in
which at least 16 people were killed and over 100 injured. The High
Commissioner laid a wreath and talked to the survivors of the attack.
Throughout her meetings with representatives of the Government, the High
Commissioner had full and constructive discussions covering a wide range
of human rights issues. She stressed the importance for the Government
to take the necessary measures to build confidence in the country. She
witnessed the important role of civil society and the valuable work of
the Cambodia office through its various programmes, such as the judicial
mentor programme which the High Commissioner saw in operation during her
visit to the court and prison of Kandal province.
The High Commissioner also expressed her appreciation of the Special
Representative's commitment, expertise and integrity, and expressed full
confidence and support for his work.
II. ACTIVITIES OF THE OFFICE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS IN
CAMBODIA IN 1997
In 1997, the Cambodia office intensified its collaboration with the
Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Human Rights in
Cambodia, particularly following the 30 March grenade attack on a
peaceful and legal demonstration in Phnom Penh, in which at least 16
people were killed and over 100 injured, and the violent events in July
1997 which resulted in the removal of the First Prime Minister, Prince
Ranariddh. The Cambodia office assisted the Special Representative with
his missions to Cambodia in March, June, September and December 1997 and
with the gathering of information necessary for the exercise of his
functions.
In the immediate aftermath of the factional fighting in July 1997, and
particularly after the killing of a high-ranking United National Front
for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC)
official in custody at the Ministry of Interior hours after his arrest,
a number of members of the Parliament, government officials,
journalists, political party activists, police and military officials
sought the assistance of the Cambodia office to leave the country
because of the fear of persecution owing to their previous affiliations.
The Cambodia office provided such assistance on an exceptional
case-by-case basis and in close cooperation with the offices in Cambodia
of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) and in other countries in the region, and in some cases with the
support of the diplomatic community in Phnom Penh. In late 1997, the
Cambodia office cooperated with the Office of the Special Representative
of the Secretary-General in Cambodia for the return of some self-exiled
Cambodian political personalities.
A. Assistance in legislative reform
The Cambodia office has carried out numerous activities for the
creation, strengthening and support of a legal framework consistent
with international human rights norms and for securing the promotion and
protection of human rights and democracy. Assistance has been provided
to the National Assembly and to its various committees, and to the Royal
Government and its various ministries, in the drafting and
implementation of the laws listed hereunder. Technical assistance has
been provided to the judiciary through the judicial mentor programme and
through the provincial offices network programme. Assistance has also
been provided to civil society institutions, including non-governmental
and media organizations and groups, concerning the drafting and
implementation of laws.
Electoral and political parties laws
During the first quarter of 1997, the office provided comments on the
draft local election law to the co-Ministers of Interior, political
parties, members of the National Assembly and NGO election groups, at
their request. Because of the political crisis, the National Assembly
did not meet from April until August. However, deliberations on the
election and political parties law continued at the Ministry of Interior
and the office continued to provide legal commentary and expertise.
Subsequently, the Council of Ministers made changes in the draft laws
prepared by the Ministry of Interior which potentially compromised the
adequacy of the legal framework for free and fair elections - an issue
that assumed greater importance in light of the factional fighting that
led to the removal of the First Prime Minister, the head of the
political party that had won the 1993 election. As the Cambodia office
had provided most of the legal expertise during the prolonged drafting
process, the concerns of the office were sent to leading members of the
National Assembly. The substance of these concerns was communicated to
the Government and shared with other United Nations agencies and members
of the diplomatic corps. The office prepared extended commentaries on
both laws which were translated into Khmer and distributed to members of
Parliament. At the request of the Office of the Special Representative
of the Secretary-General in Cambodia, the Cambodia office prepared draft
amendments on the key areas of concern. These amendments were utilized
by the Special Representative to communicate to the Government the
minimum standards that are required by the international community with
respect to the legal framework for free and fair elections.
The office attended the National Assembly sessions where the final text
was debated and adopted. The office provided briefings on the legal
framework to members of bilateral and multilateral election specialists
from States Members of the United Nations visiting Cambodia. And
throughout 1997 the Cambodia office participated in coordinating
meetings of potential donors to the Cambodian election held under the
auspices of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The office
will monitor the implementation of the political party and electoral
laws during the run-up to elections.
Law on associations and non-governmental organizations
In 1997, the office continued to consult with Ministry of Interior
officials on various articles and provisions of a draft text. The draft
text had been approved by the Ministry of Interior and sent to the
Council of Ministers in May 1996. A meeting of Minister of Interior Sar
Kheng and the entire NGO community was held in September 1996 to discuss
the draft.
A new draft was sent to the Council of Ministers by the Ministry of
Interior in January 1997. A petition addressed by NGOs to the Ministry
of Interior resulted in further revisions. A new government draft, which
takes into account some of the concerns raised by the NGO community, was
finalized in May 1997 and sent to the Council of Ministers. In November
1997, the Council of Ministers requested that the Ministry redraft part
of the law, making a clear separation between provisions applicable to
associations and provisions applicable to NGOs.
As for the agreement between the Royal Government of Cambodia and the
international NGOs which regulates registration and activities of
foreign NGOs, a second version of the 1996 draft was sent by the
Ministry for Foreign Affairs to the Council of Ministers for approval in
November 1997.
Labour law
The labour law was adopted by the National Assembly in January. The law
gives cause for concern, in that it is very technical and complex,
requiring a large administrative and monitoring apparatus for its
implementation. The law also requires the adoption of a substantial
number of proclamations and sub-decrees regulating the procedures for
implementing its provisions.
Law on disability
The office participated in continued meetings of the NGO working group
on disabled persons throughout 1997. A draft law on disability has been
produced and will be finalized and submitted to the Government in early
1998.
Law on the Constitutional Council
The Council of Ministers is currently discussing a draft law on the
Constitutional Council, which is expected to be sent to the National
Assembly for adoption very soon, since the establishment of the
Constitutional Council is necessary for the conduct of elections. The
Cambodia office had prepared an early draft which was translated into
Khmer and provided to the Ministry of Justice in June 1997.
Law Sub-decree on the Press
At the time of the passage of the Press Law in 1995, the Ministry of
Information made pledges to the National Assembly to draft a sub-decree
defining previously undefined terms, necessary for the implementation of
the Press Law. The office has continued to provide expert advice to the
Ministry of Information and the local press associations, with which the
Ministry engaged in a process of consultation.
Prison proclamations
The proclamation (prakas), which constitutes the legal basis for the
operation of Cambodia's prisons, is under discussion at the Ministry of
Interior. In May 1997, the Australian Criminal Justice Assistance
Project became involved in revising the draft proclamation for approval
by the Ministry of Interior. The Cambodia office has participated in the
weekly working sessions on the revised text.
Law on landmines
A meeting was held in June 1997 between the co-Minister of Defence and
the Special Representative, in which the latter expressed his concern
about the lack of progress in the adoption of the draft law on
landmines. Since the June meeting, the law, the preparation of which
the office assisted with in 1995, was sent again to the Government. In
the following months, the office continued to urge the Council of
Ministers to approve this legislation. The Council of Ministers sent
the government draft to the National Assembly for adoption in November
1997.
Criminal law and law on criminal procedure
Following a request from the Minister of Justice, the office recruited
an international consultant to review the draft criminal law and the law
on criminal procedure and provide advice to the Ministry of Justice in
finalizing these essential draft laws. Some additional guarantees
protecting the rights of the individual and the right to a defence were
included. The draft law on criminal procedure is expected to be sent
shortly to the Council of Ministers for approval.
Law on domestic violence
A draft law on domestic violence was prepared by the office, in
consultation with NGOs and an official of the Ministry of Women's
Affairs. The draft was forwarded to the Ministry and is awaiting
signature by the Under-Secretary of State for Women's Affairs, before
being sent to the Council of Ministers.
Implementation of laws in general
The office continues to monitor the implementation of laws to ensure
that their application is consistent with internationally recognized
human rights standards. In particular, the office has continued to
advise NGOs and the Commission on Human Rights and Reception of
Complaints of the National Assembly, at their request, on the human
rights aspects of laws and their implementation, including in all of the
above-mentioned subject areas. The office has followed up on the
establishment and composition of the Supreme Council of Magistracy, the
body responsible for safeguarding the independence of the judiciary and
for the appointment, promotion and discipline of judges. A first meeting
of the Supreme Council of Magistracy was convened in December 1997,
during which 42 magistrates, trained by the office in 1995-1996, were
appointed. The draft law on the statute of judges was also considered at
that meeting, and forwarded by the Supreme Council of Magistracy to the
Council of Ministers.
The office continues to follow up on the implementation of the labour
law, especially concerning the establishment and recognition of trade
unions, child labour, and the situation of female workers. The office
monitored the series of workers' demonstrations that accompanied the
beginning of independent trade union organizing in Cambodia in early
1997.
The Cambodia office monitors both the implementation of the nationality
law and the immigration law, and remains concerned about cases of
arbitrary expulsions under these laws, especially regarding ethnic
Vietnamese. In spite of provisions in the 1996 Sub-Decree on Khmer
Nationality Identity Cards, not all persons holding Khmer nationality
under the nationality law were issued an identity card. A regulation of
the National Electoral Committee shall have to determine which documents
are valid for voter registration under the electoral law.
The implementation of the law on drug control, which contains provisions
with potential to affect the civil liberties of those suspected or
arrested for violations of this law, is monitored by the office by
following through an increasing number of court cases which were
referred to the Phnom Penh Municipal Court.
The office has monitored the implementation of the Law on the
Suppression of Kidnapping, Trafficking, Sale and Exploitation of Human
Beings. The office has cooperated with police and local NGOs in rescuing
women and children forced into sexual exploitation.
The implementation of the environmental law, passed by the National
Assembly in November 1996, is further monitored, and gives reason for
concern. Logging activities have continued unabated, and the Government
has paid little attention to the right of Cambodia's highland peoples in
the planning and prioritizing of development for the region. The Law on
Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, promulgated
in December 1996, does not contain substantive requirements which can be
implemented without the promulgation of subsidiary legal instruments. At
present, a draft sub-decree on environmental impact assessment is under
discussion at the Ministry of Environment, and draft legal instruments
on protected areas, including recognizing the rights to and interests in
property of indigenous communities, water quality management and solid
waste management are being prepared.[
B. Administration of justice
The judicial mentor programme
In 1997, the Cambodia office continued to implement the judicial mentor
programme, with additional financial assistance from UNDP to achieve the
following objectives:
(a) To assist Cambodian courts in implementing legislation in conformity
with international human rights standards;
(b) To assist in improving coordination between the courts, prison
officials, the police, the military, and the provincial administration;
(c) To assist judges, prosecutors and clerks in the day-to-day
functioning of the courts with respect to organization, procedure and
law;
(d) To prepare an assessment for a long-term overhaul of the judicial
system and the policy and legal changes necessary to achieve it;
(e) To provide training to the judicial police, court clerks,
prosecutors and judges as required.
Under the programme, judges or experienced lawyers from other countries
are placed in the provincial and municipal courts to work with Cambodian
judges, prosecutors and clerks on a daily basis. Training is offered for
judges and prosecutors on the Cambodian Constitution, Cambodian law and
international human rights norms. The mentors answer legal questions
which arise in the course of the court's activities and work with all
court personnel to improve court administration. They also provide
training to local police, prison officials, military personnel and
government officials. During the period under review, the programme was
extended to seven provinces and one municipality. Owing to security
reasons, an office opened in April 1997 in Banteay Meanchey was closed
after July and relocated in Kompong Thom. Six mentors are currently
working under the programme. In accordance with its policy of recruiting
lawyers originating from the region, the three mentors who joined the
programme in 1997 come from Malaysia, Japan and the Philippines.
Most of the court buildings are severely dilapidated, with leaking roofs
and little or no electricity, running water, typewriters or office
supplies, and inadequate courtroom space. Necessary equipment and other
material assistance has been provided and court buildings have also been
renovated in the provinces in which there are mentors. These efforts
will contribute to the improvement of the status and effectiveness of
the courts in Cambodia.
The Minister of Justice has continued to give full support to the
programme and has asked that the office expand the programme, especially
now that the formerly USAID-funded Cambodian Court Training Project has
ceased its activities.
The introduction of formal non-custodial options into the criminal
justice system of Cambodia
In light of the growing problem of prison overcrowding, as well as the
absence in Cambodian law of the broad range of non-custodial options
which are put at the disposal of judges in many other countries, the
Ministry of Justice had requested the office to explore alternatives to
incarceration for convicted persons. During the first phase of a
six-week consultancy which took place at the end of 1996 and the
beginning of 1997, a Zimbabwean consultant met with judges, prosecutors,
representatives of various ministries, lawyers, defenders, prison
officials and NGO representatives, and encountered almost unanimous
support for the idea of introducing non-custodial options. A report on
his findings was translated into Khmer and widely distributed. The
second phase of the planned consultancy, which consisted of developing
model legislation to be included in the draft criminal law and a
training seminar, has not been implemented owing to the political
developments in the country.
Compilation of laws
The office collected all relevant legal documents currently in force in
Cambodia, mainly with regard to the administration of justice, to be
published in a new Khmer-language compilation. The printing of this
compilation received financial support from the Australian Agency for
International Development. The books are being distributed on a large
scale to policemen, judges, prosecutors, clerks, and other persons
involved in the administration of justice and law enforcement-related
activities.
Confidential reports to the Government
The office continued to submit confidential reports to the Royal
Government on various human rights matters in accordance with a commonly
applied procedure, whereby the office is requested to provide the
Government with appropriate verified information about serious
violations in order to assist the Government in the effective
implementation of law and the administration of justice.
Confidential communications in 1997 included a letter in May to the
Ministry of Interior regarding an incident in Banteay Meanchey province,
in which the Chief of Judicial Police threatened the prosecutor and
forcibly entered a prison compound to release a policeman charged with
assault and battery against his wife. In November information was
provided to the Minister of Justice on an incident in Pursat province in
which police units shot, arrested and beat while in custody a prosecutor
of the provincial court. The office further assisted the investigations
of the Ministry of Justice in this matter. A report on 32 cases of
torture by police personnel in Battambang was submitted in July by the
Special Representative to the co-Ministers of Interior, the Minister of
Justice, the Director-General of the National Police, the acting
Governor and the Provincial Police Commissioner.
Additionally, the office prepared information on the prison situation
throughout the country - in particular, delays in the allocation of
funds to provincial prisons for the purchase of food rations for
prisoners, shortages of medicine, the unlawful release of prisoners and
the killing of prisoners who attempt to escape - for submission by the
Special Representative to the Ministry of Interior. Inasmuch as the
severe delays in funding threatened to result in malnutrition, disease
and starvation of prisoners, the Cambodia office requested food for
prisoners from the World Food Programme (WFP) on an emergency
humanitarian basis, in cooperation with the Ligue cambodgienne pour la
protection et la defense des droits de l'homme (LICADHO), a Cambodian
human rights NGO, on a prison-by-prison, month-by-month basis. The
expectation was that the Ministry of Interior would be able to sort out
and rectify the delays in the arrival of provincial prison funding by
the end of In September 1997, the office also expressed its concerns to
the Minister of Justice over possible procedural irregularities during
the highly politicized trial of Srung Vong Vannak, Suos Kasem and Prum
Meanrith, on 9 September 1997.
C. National institutions for the promotion and protection of human
rights
National Assembly Commission on Human Rights and Reception of Complaints
This Commission is responsible for receiving and investigating
complaints from the public. The Commission on Human Rights has welcomed
the Government's effort in establishing a mechanism through its National
Assembly Commission on Human Rights and Reception of Complaints and
identified financial assistance for the National Assembly Commission as
a priority area. Funding from the European Union and the joint
UNDP-OHCHR programme enabled the staff of the Commission to continue to
function during 1997. Unfortunately, the political turmoil in mid-1997
adversely affected the Commission's work. Just before the fighting, the
National Assembly Commission produced a valuable report on sexual
exploitation, but the Commission had to postpone the intended follow-up
seminars and convocations. UNDP funding will not continue in 1998, and
the former Chairman of the Commission remains in exile. The Cambodia
office will monitor developments and provide assistance as appropriate.
National Assembly law office
Support to the National Assembly Centre for Legal Research and
Documentation continued in 1997 as part of the joint UNDP-OHCHR
programme. Lawyers and assistants at the law office assisted the
National Assembly in drafting and reviewing legislation, with particular
emphasis on human rights issues and norms, and in addressing issues of
the administration of justice, the rule of law, and legal consistency
and clarity. UNDP funding for this programme will not continue in 1998.
D. Treaty reporting and international obligations
The Royal Government of Cambodia, with the assistance of the Cambodia
office, has completed its reporting obligations under three conventions
and continues to prepare its reports under three other United Nations
human rights conventions.
The report on the implementation of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was submitted in
February 1997. The reports on the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and the Convention on the Rights of the Child were
submitted, respectively, to the Human Rights Committee and the Committee
on the Rights of the Child in December 1997. Since the report to the
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) was
originally drafted in 1996, some updated information will need to be
provided. Although the Cambodian human rights NGOs were made aware of
the reporting process, they did not participate in the CERD process.
Human rights NGOs were trained by the Cambodia office on the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and provided
information to the Permanent Inter-Ministerial Secretariat, which is
responsible for compiling the reports on several articles of the
Covenant. NGO participation was much broader for the preparation of the
report. NGO participation in future reports should increase as the
reporting process becomes better known to the NGOs and as they acquire
more experience and skills in providing their own reports.
The reports on the Covenant and the Convention on the Rights of the
Child are being prepared for wide dissemination to ministries,
tribunals, National Assembly, NGOs and international organizations. NGOs
will be asked to provide further comments which could be integrated in
updated reports to be sent to the treaty bodies.
In 1997, the Permanent Inter-Ministerial Secretariat in charge of the
reporting obligations was strengthened with the assistance of the
Cambodia office, in order to follow up on the implementation of the
conventions and respond to particular human rights cases. Trainers from
the Permanent Inter-Ministerial Secretariat were trained by the office
in 1997 to carry out training of local officials on the conventions in
1998, particularly regarding the Convention against Torture and Other
Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Two additional
Ministry of Justice officials are assisting the Permanent
Inter-Ministerial Secretariat to deal with its increasing workload.
OHCHR gave a grant of US$ 20,700 to the Permanent Inter-Ministerial
Secretariat in May 1997 under the Trust Fund for a Human Rights
Education Programme in Cambodia to enable it to continue the work on
reporting obligations.
In June 1997, the final draft of the report on the Convention against
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
was completed by an inter-ministerial subcommittee with technical
cooperation and support from the office. However, owing to the July
fighting, the draft report has not yet been sent to the Permanent
Inter-Ministerial Secretariat for review. The office provided training
to the members of the subcommittee on the provisions of the Convention,
the relevant Cambodian law and United Nations reporting formats and
procedures. The Cambodia office also assisted in arranging for members
of the subcommittee field visits to prisons, interviews with victims of
torture and ill-treatment, meetings with human rights NGOs, legal
defence groups and court officials. With the cooperation of the NGO,
Cambodia Human Rights and Development Association (ADHOC), members of
the Inter-Ministerial Subcommittee on the Committee against Torture
(CAT) addressed the issue of torture, ill-treatment and forced
confessions at provincial seminars on human rights organized in Pursat
(February), Koh Kong (March), Kompong Cham (April) and Rattanakiri
(June) provinces. In his interventions, the representative of the
Subcommittee, a Ministry of Justice official, explained to provincial,
district and commune officials, judges, prosecutors, prison officials,
police, gendarmes and military officials about the obligations of
Cambodia in reporting on the implementation of the Convention against
Torture. He raised the problem of torture, ill-treatment and forced
confessions in Cambodia, illustrating his comments with examples of
torture that had recently occurred. He also explained relevant articles
of the Constitution and Cambodian law that explicitly prohibit torture
and forced confessions. The Cambodia office has also trained the
Subcommittee and assisted it to prepare documents on the prevention of
torture and ill-treatment for provincial training to be undertaken by
the Subcommittee in six provinces in 1998.
The Inter-Ministerial Subcommittee on the Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Discrimination against Women continued to work on the
draft report. Concerned NGOs have expressed interest in the report and
an NGO committee on the Convention is completing a report. The Permanent
Inter-Ministerial Secretariat has requested a copy of the NGO report in
order to include relevant information in the Government's report.
The Cambodia office provided assistance to the Inter-Ministerial
Subcommittee responsible for the drafting of the initial country report
on the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
The Subcommittee has prepared a draft report and received comments from
the Cambodia office, including on sections on the rights to
self-determination, work, join labour unions, health and education. Work
on the reporting process has been suspended since the violent events in
July and is expected to resume in January 1998.
Discussions were held in early 1997 with the Human Rights Action
Committee, a coordination group of human rights NGOs which deals with
urgent and serious abuses. The efforts of the Action Committee were
reinforced through the provision of a permanent secretary and financial
support to provincial action committees to conduct field investigations
and provide emergency assistance to victims of human rights violations.
The Cambodia office participated throughout 1997 in seminars on human
rights organized by the NGO ADHOC in several provinces (Koh Kong,
Pursat, Kompong Chhnang, Kompong Cham, Prey Veng, Siem Reap,
Rattanakiri, Kompong Speu and Takeo). Representatives of the Cambodia
office were asked to talk about the mandate of the OHCHR, the role of
human rights NGOs and government authorities in the respect and
promotion of human rights, the rule of law, and the elimination and
prevention of torture and ill-treatment. Cambodia office staff also
participated in good governance seminars organized by another NGO, the
Cambodian Institute for Human Rights.
With assistance from the Cambodia office two experienced human rights
specialists from the Philippines were recruited to work for six months
with ADHOC and Vigilance to strengthen their monitoring and
investigation activities. Similar assistance has been envisaged by the
Cambodia office for the NGO Khmer Kampuchea Krom Human Rights
Association (KKKHRA) in 1998. In coordination with two international
NGOs, Private Agencies Collaborating Together (PACT) and International
Cooperation for Social and Economic Development (CIDSE), assistance to
Vigilance has been provided since May 1997 to strengthen its capacity to
conduct its activities and to improve its organizational structure.
The office continues to consult with human rights NGOs on a broad range
of human rights issues including illegal detention, torture,
ill-treatment and forced confessions, attacks on peaceful demonstrators,
trafficking, sexual exploitation and prostitution, NGO security in the
aftermath of the July fighting, the creation of an independent National
Human Rights Commission and the role of the coalitions of NGOs, the
Committee on Free and Fair Elections (COMFREL) and the Coalition on Free
and Fair Elections (COFFEL), in the elections scheduled for 1998.
Consultation with human rights NGOs, in particular with the provincial
action committees, is taking place regularly in the provinces where the
Cambodia office has an office (Battambang, Siem Reap, Kompong Cham,
Kompong Chhnang, Prey Veng and Kampot), particularly in regard to
monitoring the human rights situation, prison conditions and child
abuse. The office also cooperates with local committees of NGOs and
government authorities to tackle many of these issues.
The Cambodia office also provided assistance to NGOs working on cases
involving trafficking of children for prostitution, child labour and
human trafficking for labour.
The continued growth of indigenous human rights NGOs is crucial for the
future development of civil society in Cambodia. Human rights NGOs have
taken a leadership role within the NGO community, addressing many of
the most sensitive and serious problems in Cambodia. NGOs are in daily
contact with the people of Cambodia and have acquired skills and
knowledge in human rights principles and monitoring. They are present in
15 of Cambodia's 21 provinces. Over 85 per cent of Cambodia's population
lives in the provinces where the majority of human rights abuses occur;
the provincial offices of the human rights NGOs are therefore crucial to
the development of a broader knowledge of and respect for human rights.
Since mid-1996, the Cambodia office has initiated a special and
important programme of support aimed at reinforcing the capacity and
activities of Cambodian human rights NGOs at the village, commune and
district and provincial levels. A needs assessment study was undertaken
by the Cambodia office in July 1996 and funds disbursed to support NGO
provincial offices in terms of material equipment, core funding,
training and opening of branch offices in particularly difficult
districts. Six different NGO district offices will be opened in January
1998 in Takeo, Kompong Speu, Kompong Cham, Prey Veng and Kandal
provinces. The presence of those NGOs in the districts is particularly
important in light of the upcoming elections. They will undertake
training and dissemination of information and monitoring activities.
Support for material equipment to NGO provincial offices is also
essential, as some of them are poorly equipped, sometimes lacking even
the most basic equipment such as chairs, tables, typewriters or
transportation. With substantial funding made available by the Cambodia
office under the United Nations Trust Fund for a Human Rights Education
Programme in Cambodia, these NGOs have been able to acquire necessary
equipment. Others have purchased radio or telephone equipment as
communication is essential for their activities, as well as for the
security of the NGO staff members.
By the end of 1997 the Cambodia office had disbursed US$ 160,500 under
the United Nations Trust Fund for a Human Rights Education Programme in
Cambodia for assistance to provincial offices of human rights NGOs. This
programme will continue in 1998 with a particular focus on
capacity-building of NGO networks in the districts, providing additional
funding for two important human rights groups, providing additional
equipment and materials, and upgrading the capacity of NGOs to deal with
minorities' and indigenous peoples' rights.
The Cambodia office continues to finance specific NGO projects to enable
human rights NGOs to undertake human rights activities in various areas
such as women's and children's rights, minorities' rights, HIV/AIDS
anti-discrimination, general human rights education in remote districts,
labour rights, etc. (see the annex table). The United Nations Trust Fund
has disbursed US$ 177,891 for NGO human rights activities in 1997.
The Cambodia office continues to receive many project proposals from
human rights NGOs. The Cambodia office also continues to advise and
assist NGOs on their projects and monitors project implementation and
reports.
F. Education and training programmes and curriculum development
Education and training in the former Khmer Rouge zones
The programme was made possible through a contribution from a special
UNDP fund for reconciliation projects in post-conflict areas previously
inaccessible to the United Nations and the Royal Government because
they were under the control of the Khmer Rouge. At the request of the
Royal Government, the Cambodia office began to introduce in these zones
information, education and training programmes for soldiers, police,
teachers, monks, commune leaders and women's groups.
The Cambodia office reconciliation programme began in 1997 with the
distribution of 20,000 basic booklets on human rights including
illustrated versions of the Cambodian Constitution, the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, and materials on women's and children's
rights. Further implementation was delayed initially by the factional
fighting in July and then by the onset of the rainy season which made
road access to many of these areas impossible. With the dry season in
early 1998, the office will continue the implementation of this
programme, which will include setting up an office and training local
staff to coordinate the implementation of education and training
programmes.
Indigenous people's rights
At the request of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on Highland Peoples'
Development (IMC), chaired by the Ministry of Rural Development and
consisting of representatives of 10 different ministries, the office has
provided advice and assistance on human rights principles and standards
for the preparation of a draft national policy on highland peoples'
development. The draft policy will be submitted to the Council of
Ministers for approval as a sub-decree. Particular attention has been
given to the close relationship between the identity and culture of the
indigenous peoples and their natural environment, their dependency on
shifting cultivation and non-timber forest products - and thus the
crucial issues of land tenure and forest access and protection - for
their subsistence and livelihood, and their rights to self-determination
and cultural autonomy in the planning and implementation of development
for the region. The office participated in IMC field visits to
Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri, Kratie and Stung Treng for a series of workshops
preparing national policy guidelines, and in two regional workshops
including government representatives, NGOs and representatives from
indigenous groups from Cambodia, the Lao People's Democratic Republic,
Vie Nam and Thailand in Phnom Penh and Chiang Mai, Thailand.
The office contributed to an NGO-sponsored seminar in Ratanakiri on
indigenous peoples' rights, in which provincial and district officials,
military and police participated. Relevant documents regarding land
rights in Ratanakiri have been collected and training curricula are
being finalized for an ADHOC land rights awareness and extension
training project in Ratanakiri. The training programme, which is set up
in cooperation with the Governor of Ratanakiri, the Provincial Land
Titles Department, UNDP-CARERE (Cambodia Resettlement and Reinsertion
Programme) and the Non-Timber Forest Products Project, funded by
UNDP-CARERE and implemented by ADHOC, will last one year and cover all
districts, communes and villages of the province. Its three main
objectives are to disseminate information about land rights options, the
Cambodian land law and regulations and procedures to all the indigenous
communities; to get their feedback on their actual village boundaries,
land and forest use, as well as on land encroachment and - via mapping
on the basis of participatory rapid appraisal; and to strengthen them
with networking, peaceful conflict resolution and non-violent action
skills.
The rapid destruction of Cambodia's forests seriously affects the
indigenous communities and biological diversity. The office has also
assisted and advised the NGO community, especially via the NGO Forum
Environmental Working Group, in raising issues concerning the link
between deforestation, hydropower dam development, and indigenous
peoples' rights in Cambodia.
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces
The Royal Cambodian Armed Forces Human Rights Programme continues to be
one of the major training activities of the Cambodia office. This
programme is being conducted in the majority of provinces by military
human rights instructors trained by the Cambodia office. Each three-day
workshop covers several topics such as the role of the armed forces in
Cambodia's democracy. Over 70 three-day workshops were conducted in
1997 with 3,500 officers and soldiers completing the programme. The
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) continues to conduct
sessions on international humanitarian law during many of these
workshops. The Cambodia office plans to continue this Programme in 1998
with the addition of a section on the role of the military during free
and fair elections. This programme continues to receive the strong
support of the Department of Training and the Department of
International Affairs of the Ministry of Defence.
Royal Gendarmerie
In early 1997, the Cambodia office conducted a second Royal Gendarmerie
Human Rights and Law Training workshop. This seven-day workshop trained
42 officers of the Royal Gendarmerie how to utilize the Human Rights and
Law curriculum developed by the office. Topics in the curriculum
included the following: the Convention against Torture; the Standard
Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners; the Supreme National
Council (SNC) Criminal Law and Procedure; the rule of law; women's
rights and the rights of the child. After the completion of this
workshop, these officers returned to their respective provinces to begin
this training for gendarmes stationed in the provinces. A majority of
the provinces were represented. Several hundred gendarmes were trained
with the support and assistance of the office. The programme has been
suspended since the July fighting.
Police
Human Rights Training of Law Enforcement Officials is the
longest-running training programme the office has supported and
assisted. Since early 1995, three Cambodian non-governmental
organizations, Vigilance, ADHOC and LICADHO, who were trained by the
office utilizing curriculum developed by the office, have conducted
workshops in the majority of the provinces and have trained over 20,000
law enforcement officials. In 1998 the office will provide a police
pocket guide to thousands of law enforcement officials, detailing duties
and procedures that are in accordance with Cambodian laws and
international human rights standards.
Human rights training of prison officials
Several workshops on human rights training of prison officials were
conducted in 1997 utilizing a curriculum developed by the Cambodia
office. The following topics are included in this curriculum:
international human rights conventions; Constitution of the Kingdom of
Cambodia; SNC criminal law and procedure; and the Standard Minimum Rules
for the Treatment of Prisoners. Approximately 100 prison officials were
trained in 3 provinces by OHCHR provincial officers and LICADHO.
Human rights training of Buddhist monks
The Cambodia office continues to support and assist the non-governmental
organization Khmer Buddhist Society to conduct this training in all
provinces. A second round of training for Buddhist monks who were
trained earlier as human rights instructors was held in September. These
monks then returned to the provinces to train other monks. The main
focus of this training is to look at the interrelationships between
Buddhism and human rights and to have monks more involved in dealing
with the human rights aspects of social issues such as HIV/AIDS,
domestic and child abuses, and environmental protection. A grant from
the United Nations Trust Fund was also made to the Cambodian Institute
for Human Rights for the development of a curriculum and training
programme for Buddhist schools.
Minority rights
The Cambodia office has continued to support minority rights training
through funds made available under the United Nations Trust Fund. Two
Cambodian non-governmental organizations, Cham Khmer Islam Minority for
Human Rights and Development Association and Khmer Kampuchea Krom for
Human Rights and Development Association were trained by the office to
utilize the curriculum developed by the office. Workshops in various
provinces were conducted throughout the year. The primary target groups
are the ethnic Cham and Vietnamese. A major topic of this training is
what corrective actions could be taken when confronting discrimination.
HIV/AIDS anti-discrimination training
The office continues to support and assist HIV/AIDS anti-discrimination
training programmes conducted by the Cambodian NGO Generous Association
for Supporting Democracy, whose staff were trained by the office in
utilizing the curriculum developed by the office. This training
primarily targets the staff of hospitals and medical clinics. Several
hundred medical professionals were trained in 1997 in Phnom Penh and
Battambang province.
Labour rights training
As labour rights have become a major issue in Cambodia, the Cambodia
office began working with the Cambodian NGO Cambodia Labour Organization
in developing a labour rights curriculum and training the staff of that
organization to teach the curriculum to Cambodian workers. Two major
aspects of this curriculum are teaching workers about the newly passed
labour law and the process of organizing independent free trade unions.
The Cambodian Labour Organization has begun to train workers in a number
of factories.
Squatters' rights training
In early 1997, the Cambodia office conducted squatters' rights training
programmes for 41 community leaders at the NGO Urban Sector Group. This
training was geared to empowering community leaders in promoting and
protecting the rights of rural poor who have migrated to the capital in
search of work.
Lectures on human rights and law for trainee lawyers
Beginning in early 1997, in cooperation with the Cambodian Bar
Association, the Cambodia office undertook a series of lectures on human
rights law for trainee lawyers. The main focus was domestic law
provisions relevant to the promotion and protection of human rights and
the application of international human rights law in the Cambodian legal
system.
Training of new investigators of the National Assembly Commission on
Human Rights and Receipt of Complaints
Staff of the Cambodia office trained new investigators of the National
Assembly Commission on Human Rights and Receipt of Complaints, covering
a variety of human rights subjects.
Curriculum development for free, fair and credible elections
Based on the handbook on human rights and elections published by the
OHCHR in Geneva, the Cambodia office has made a first draft of a basic
curriculum on the human rights dimensions of free and fair elections,
including relevant provisions of Cambodia law. This curriculum will be
made available to government and NGO trainers of Cambodians who will be
conducting, monitoring and observing the 1998 elections. Elements of
this curriculum will be included in the regular training programmes for
various sectors during 1998.
Assessing the quality of the training programmes assisted and supported
by the Cambodia office
Most of the training programmes are conducted by military officers or
Cambodian NGO workers who have been trained as human rights instructors
by the Cambodia office. Staff of the Cambodia office regularly observe
many of the training programmes to assess the quality of the training.
G. Information and documentation
The Cambodia office continues to be a major production and distribution
agency in the Kingdom for materials relating to human rights, including
the Cambodian Constitution and relevant domestic laws and international
legal instruments. In 1997 over 75,000 human rights documents were
printed and distributed. Over 58,000 documents were distributed to
ministries, departments and personnel of the Royal Government. Over
11,000 documents were distributed to Cambodian NGOs, and over 3,000
documents to international organizations.
Samples of materials distributed include: Constitution of the Kingdom of
Cambodia (over 9,000 copies); illustrated excerpts of the Constitution
(over 5,000 copies); SNC criminal law and procedure (over 6,500 copies);
illustrated booklet on children's rights (over 5,000 copies);
illustrated booklet on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (over
5,000 copies); illustrated booklet on women's rights (over 5,000
copies); International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (over
5,000 copies); Convention against Torture (over 4,000 copies);
Convention on the Rights of the Child (over 1,000 copies); Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (over
1,500 copies); Human Rights Fact Sheets (over 3,000 copies);
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (over
1,000 copies); Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners
(over 2,000 copies); United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Force
and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials (over 500 copies); and United
Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary (over 500
copies). The office also distributed to ministries, departments and
personnel of the Royal Government hundreds of copies in English and
Khmer of the reports of the Special Representative of the
Secretary-General for human rights in Cambodia to the General Assembly
and the Commission on Human Rights, and the 22 August 1997 Memorandum on
Evidence of Summary Executions, Torture and Disappearances Since 2-7
July 1997.
H. Network of provincial offices
The activities of the Cambodia office that were agreed upon by the
Government in 1993 include the establishment of provincial offices of
the office with the purpose of strengthening human rights activities at
the provincial level and ensuring uniform implementation of the office's
programme throughout the Cambodian territory.
The office opened its first provincial offices in Siem Reap and Kompong
Cham in February 1995, followed by the Battambang office in April 1995.
The establishment of provincial offices was welcomed by the local
authorities. Each provincial office was staffed by a national provincial
human rights officer and an international provincial human rights
adviser, who is a United Nations Volunteer.
In February 1997, the office opened three new provincial offices in
Kampot, Kompong Chhnang and Prey Veng. The three newly opened provincial
offices are staffed by national human rights officers joined by three
new United Nations Volunteers. In 1997, the office has provided
four-wheel drive pick-up trucks to all provincial offices, recruited an
additional human rights assistant for each of the provincial offices to
enhance their capacity, and upgraded communications equipment to provide
additional staff security.
The activities of the provincial offices include: (a) follow-up of the
development of human rights situation; (b) human rights training
programmes for the military, prison officials and police; (c) regular
meetings with police, prison officials and the military; (d) technical
advisory services to the local authorities; (e) monthly and emergency
meetings with local human rights NGOs; (f) human rights NGO
capacity-building programme; (g) assistance to human rights NGOs to
investigate alleged human rights abuses; (h) visits to the prisons; (I)
distribution of large amounts of human rights literature, including the
Cambodian Constitution and law.
The Cambodia office is able to carry out the activities described in
this report thanks to the support of the international community,
especially through the generous financial contributions to the United
Nations Trust Fund for a Human Rights Education Programme in Cambodia.
Recent contributions to the Trust Fund have been received from Denmark,
Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the
Netherlands and Japan. Several programmes of the Cambodia office have
also benefited from the financial support of UNDP during 1997, including
the judicial mentor programme, the provincial network programme, and the
programme of support to the National Assembly. The Cambodia office also
appreciates the continuous cooperation of the United Nations Volunteers
programme in 1997.
Annex
GRANTS TO HUMAN RIGHTS NGO PROJECTS IN 1997
(in addition to programme of support to NGOs provincial offices)
Organization: Urban Sector Group
Project: Squatters' rights training
Amount granted (US$): 6 810
Organization: Human Rights Action Committee
Project: Operational budget for human rights monitoring
Amount granted (US$): 11 220
Organization: Cambodian Labour Organization
Project: Training on labour rights issues
Amount granted (US$): 18 000
Organization: Cham Khmer Islam Minority for Human Rights and Development
Association
Project: Training on minorities' rights
Amount granted (US$): 15 800
Organization: Khmer Kampuchea Krom for Human Rights and Development
Association
Project: Training on minorities' rights
Amount granted (US$): 6 009
Organization: Khmer Buddhist Society
Project: Training on human rights and Buddhism for Buddhist monks
Amount granted (US$): 15 000
Organization: Cambodia Institute of Human Rights
Project: Human rights curricula for Buddhist schools
Amount granted (US$): 24 800
Organization: Women Media Centre
Project: Video spots projects for public announcements on various legal
issues such as right to a lawyer, illegal possession of firearms,
prohibition of torture, women and child trafficking, etc. in
collaboration with the Ministry of Justice
Amount granted (US$): 23 652
Organization: Outreach
Project: Human rights and democracy training in Takeo and Kompong Speu
Amount granted (US$): 10 000
Organization: Huripruda
Project: Promotion of democracy and human rights in Stong district,
Kompong Thom province
Amount granted (US$): 9 000
Organization: Khmer Rural Development Association
Project: Human rights and democracy training in Mong Russei district,
Battambang province
Amount granted (US$): 16 600
Organization: Generous Association for Supporting Democracy
Project: Continuation of the HIV/AIDS anti-discrimination training programme
Amount granted (US$): 18 000
Organization: Khmer Youth Association
Project: Literacy and human rights training in Prey Sar prison
Amount granted (US$): 3 000
TOTAL: 177 891
Copyright 1998
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Geneva, Switzerland
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